سبق أن ذكرنا أن نظرية الاشتعال تقوم على ثلاث ركائز :
• مادة قابلة للاشتعال Flammable material
• أكسجين الهواء الجوى بنسبة لاتقل عن 16 % .
• درجة حرارة اشتعال المادة أو اكبر منها .
ولكي يشب الحريق ويستمر يجب أن ترتبط هذه الحلقات الثلاث لكي تكون السلسلة القاتلة المسماة الحريق والتي تحيط برقاب البشر لكي تهدد أرواحهم وتحطم ممتلكاتهم وتعرض المجاورات للدمار وهو ما يعرف باسم الخطر المادي والشخصي والتعرض .
ولكي يتم إطفاء أي حريق يجب أن نكسر هذه السلسلة ويتم ذلك بإحدى الطرق الآتية :
1- عزل المادة أو تفتيتها Segregation أو تجويع الحريق Starvation بمنع وصول المادة الملتهبة إلى الحريق .
1- إفقار (منع ) smoldering أو تقليل Smothering نسبة الأكسجين في الوسط المحترق
2- أما العامل الثالث وهو الحرارة وهو العامل الحيوي فيتم كسره باستخدام عامل التبريد cooling ويجب ان تنخفض درجة حرارة الوسط المحترق لدرجة الاشتعال بل أن بعض المواد مثل البترول ومشتقاته فيجب استمرار عملية التبريد حتى بعد إخماد النيران لضمان عدم عودة الحريق مرة ثانية .
أنواع المواد المخمدة للحريق :
تتكون المواد المستخدمة لإطفاء الحريق من عدة وسائط من أهمها :
1- الماء Water .
2- الرغاوى Foam .
3- المساحيق الكيماوية الجافة Dry Powder .
4- الغازات المخمدة وأهمها غاز ثاني أكسيد الكربون CO2 .
يراعى عند استخدام وسيلة الإطفاء وضع النقط الثلاث الآتية في الاعتبار :
1- أن تتبخر المادة المطفئة (إذا كانت سائلة مثل الماء) في درجات الحرارة العادية .
2- أن تكون كثافتها اقل من كثافة الماء والتي تساوى الواحد الصحيح عند درجة 4 5 م .
3- قابلية هذه المواد للالتهاب السريع ولذا يعتبر الخنق هو افضل طرق الإطفاء ويتم الخنق باستخدام جميع أنواع الطفايات عدا النوع المائي – الطفايات الرغوية و ثاني أكسيد الكربون والمسحوق الجاف علما بان بعض المساحيق الجافة تتعجن وتختلط بالسوائل ولذا يجب استخدام النوع المناسب .
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